ABSTRACT
By reading a large number of literature, this paper summarized the current situation of experiential teaching in geriatric overseas, and pointed out the existing problems, such as the current research results at home and abroad are inconsistent, there was a lack of interdisciplinary team experiential teaching related research, as well as the lack of standardized patient and progressive case application, evaluation indicators and assessment forms need to be reformed and gives the corresponding suggestions.
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Objective To investigate the effect of Salvianolic acid on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway in brain hippocampus of PAP mice. Methods Twenty PAP dual transgenic male mice were selected, they were randomly divided into a PAP mice model group and a Salvianolic acid group, 10 mice in each group; another 10 SPF grade C57BL/6J male mice were selected as a normal control group. In the Salvianolic acid group, 0.9% normal saline solution of Salvianolic lyophilized injection (400 g/L) of dosage 21 mg·kg-1·d-1 was injected intravenously through a tail vein of mice; the PAP mice model and normal control groups were given the same amount of 0.9% normal saline, and the therapeutic course was consecutive 4 weeks in the three groups. At the end of the 4th week, the Morris water maze test was carried out to observe the changes of escape latency, the third quadrant residence time (RTQ), entry angle into water and cross-platform times of mice in each group; amyloid precursor protein (APP) positive cell expression in cerebral hippocampus of mice were detected by immunohistochemistry; Western Blot was used to detect the expression level of PER like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-eukaryon initiation factor 2α-C/EBP homogenous protein (PERK-eIF2α-CHOP) pathway related proteins in hippocampus of mice. Results The escape latency of the PAP mice model group on the 1st to 5th day were significantly longer than those of the normal control group, although a downward trend was observed on the 5th day, it was still significantly longer than that of the model group (seconds: 58.41±2.36 vs. 28.60±10.15); compared with the PAP mice model group, the escape latency of Salvianolic acid group was shorter at each time point, and reached the shortest level on the 5th day (seconds: 31.97±8.36 vs. 58.41±2.36). In the PAP mice model group, the RTQ and the number of crossing platforms were significantly lower than those in the normal control group [RTQ (seconds): 8.27±2.95 vs. 15.97±7.33, numbers of crossing platforms (frequency/90 s): 0.70±0.95 vs. 2.70±0.48]; the entry angle was obviously greater than that of the normal control group [(47.94±4.68)°vs. (32.66±2.55)°, P < 0.05]. Compared with PAP mice model group, in Salvianolic acid group, the RTQ and number of crossing platform were significantly higher [RTQ (seconds): 13.57±1.86 vs. 8.27±2.95, number of crossing platforms (frequency/90 s):1.60±0.97 vs. 0.70±0.47], the entry angle was markedly smaller [(35.46±6.79)°vs. (47.94±4.68)°,P < 0.05]. The positive expression rate of APP and the protein expressions of CHOP, p-eIF2α in PAP mice model group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group [the positive rate of APP: (60.44±6.19)% vs. (21.05±5.87)%, CHOP protein expression (gray value): 3.09±0.07 vs. 1.46±0.09, p-eIF2αprotein expression (gray value): 0.98±0.09 vs. 0.47±0.06, all P < 0.01], the expression of PERK and p-PERK were lower than those in normal control group [PERK (gray value): 0.42±0.06 vs. 0.82±0.11, p-PERK protein expression (gray value): 0.98±0.09 vs. 0.64±0.10, both P < 0.01]; the positive expression rate of APP and protein expressions of CHOP, p-eIF2α in Salvianolic acid group were significantly lower than those in PAP mice model group [positive expression rate of APP: (33.09±10.33)% vs. (60.44±6.19)%, CHOP protein expression (gray value): 1.57±0.12 vs. 3.09±0.07, p-eIF2α protein expression (gray value): 0.80±0.07 vs. 0.98±0.09, all P < 0.01], while PERK and p-PERK expression were significantly higher than those in the model group [PERK (gray value): 0.89±0.12 vs. 0.42±0.06, p-PERK (gray value): 0.78±0.08 vs. 0.98±0.09, both P < 0.01]. Conclusion Salvianolic acid might work through the PERK-eIF2α-CHOP pathway to reduce the retention of APP in the hippocampus tissue of PAP dual-transgenic mice, thereby the learning ability of the mice is improved, and the progression of brain injury delayed.
ABSTRACT
By reading a large number of literature, this paper summarized the current situation of experiential teaching in geriatric overseas, and pointed out the existing problems,such as the current research results at home and abroad are inconsistent, there was a lack of interdisciplinary team experiential teaching related research, as well as the lack of standardized patient and progressive case application, evaluation indicators and assessment forms need to be reformed and gives the corresponding suggestions.
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Objective To investigate the effects of the intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on the expression of FcγR Ⅱ b and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in children with Kawasaki disease (KD).Methods 25 children with KD and 15 healthy controls were enrolled in this study.The levels of TLR4 expression on monocytes were assessed by flow cytometry.Real-time PCR was performed to detect the transcription levels of FcγR Ⅱ b,TLR4 signaling molecules(MyD88,TRAF-6,TAK1) and cytokines(IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α) in monocytes.The concentrations of TNF-α in plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results (1) Compared with healthy controls,the expression of TLR4 and the signaling molecules in the patients were significantly up-regulated but decreased after treatment with IVIG (P＜0.05).(2)The levels of FcγR Ⅱb expression from the patients were higher than those from healthy controls,and decreased after treatment with IVIG(P＜0.05).(3) The levels of cytokine factor expression such as IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in the patients were found to be higher than those in healthy controls (P＜0.05) ; plasma concentrations of TNF-α were significantly elevated during acute KD (P＜0.05).(4)There were significantly correlations to follow between FcγR Ⅱb and the levels of cytokine,TLR4 expression in monocytes (P ＜0.05).Conclusion IVIG can up regulate FcγR Ⅱb expression and down regulate TLR4 expression which might inhibit the inflammatory response.
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ObjectivesTo explore the characteristic of different subtypes of depression on prefrontal lobe and hippocampus by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS),and its relationship.Methods 46 patients of depression,which were met with the third edition of the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CC-MD-Ⅲ ) since December 2010 to March 2012 from Mental Diseases Prevention and Treatment Institute,were examined at prefrontal lobe and hippocampus by multi-voxel 1 H-MRS.They were divided into male ( n =25) and female ( n =21 ),early-onset subtype ( n =26) and late-onset subtype ( n =20 ),short-duration of illness ( n =23 )and long-duration of illness ( n =23 ) by different criteria.The N-acetylaspartate ( NAA),Choline-congtaining compounds (Cho),and Creatine compounds (Cr) were measured and the ratios of NAA/Cr,Cho/Cr were determined.ResultsOn left prefrontal lobe,the NAA/Cr ratios in patients of male ( 1.83 ± 0.19),late-onset subtype (1.86 ±0.16),and short-duration of illness ( 1.83 ±0.17) showed higher than those in female ( 1.70 ±0.12,t=2.711,P ＜ 0.01 ),early-onset subtype ( 1.70 ± 0.19,t =3.028,P ＜ 0.01 ),and long-duration of illness ( 1.71±0.20,t =2.192,P＜0.05).Both on left prefrontal and on left thalamus,the ratios of NAA/Cr were positively correlated with the age of onset ( r=0.493 and 0.478,P＜0.01 ),and were negatively correlated with the duration of illness ( r =- 0.482 and - 0.470,P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionsDifferent subtypes of depression maybe have different characteristics of 1H-MRS due to the age of onset and the duration of illness.
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Objective To investigate the changes and roles of Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) expressed on monocytes in the immune pathogenesis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP).Methods Thirty children of HSP and 15 health controls were enrolled in this study.The expressions of FcγR Ⅰ and FcγRⅢ on monocytes were determined by flow cytometry,and real-time PCR was performed to detect the transcription levels of FcγR Ⅱ a,FcγR Ⅱ b,cytokines(IL-1 β,IL-6,TNF-α,IFN-α),chemokine(IP-10,RANTES,iNOS),and BLyS/April in monocytes isolated by microbeads.The plasma concentrations of IL-4,IL-10 and TNF-α were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results (1) The expressions of FcγR Ⅰ and FcγR Ⅲ on monocytes in patients with HSP were significantly up-regulated compared with healthy controls.Transcription level of FcγR Ⅱ a on monocytes in patients with acute HSP was found to be higher than that in healthy controls while the inhibitory FcγR Ⅱ] b mRNA was significant down-regulated(P＜0.05),which resulted in a higher ratio of FcR Ⅱ a/Ⅱ b in patients with acute HSP.(2) The expressions of cytokine/chemokines factor such as IL-1 β,IL-6,TNF-α,IP-10,RANTES,and iNOS in patients with HSP was detected to be higher than those in healthy controls(P＜0.05).In addition,expression levels of BLyS/April were up-regulated during acute HSP(P＜0.05),the positive correlations were observed between the FcγR Ⅱ a/FcγR Ⅱ b and the cytokine/chemokines factor in monocytes(P＜0.05).(3) Plasma concentrations of IL-4,IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly elevated during acute HSP(P＜0.05),and a negative correlation was observed between concentrations of TNF-α and the mRNA level of FcγR Ⅱb in monocytes.Conclusion The abnormal expression of the cytokines and the imbalance of stimulatory and inhibitory FcγR of monocyte in acute HSP.